Life, Death and Cause Efffect Essay Samples

Life, Death and Cause Efffect Essay Samples Then you should state your arguments and supply examples. Such analysis helps not just to define why something has occurred, but also to understand the character of phenomena and the way to behave in a specific case. Do a little research should you not know anything about the topic assigned. There two means by which you can go about, and both are equally efficient. Since you may see, defining some causes and effects offers you numerous possible essay topics. It's possible to organize the info in the principal body differently, based on your aim. There is quite an effective website at which you will discover all the essential information on the best way to compose a cause and effect essay. Who Else Wants to Learn About Cause Efffect Essay Samples? In addition, the paragraph's major content ought to be a very clear analysis and description of the connection between effect and cause. It is essential for the author to connect the component of causes to the next portion of effects. So, once you will be writing, learn whether you're stating the real causes and effects. In a brief essay, it may be challenging to tackle the reason and all the many effects of a huge event like the Great Depression. In everyday life you've already employed the fundamentals of analysis of causes or effects. The structure appears different. The analysis is centered on both the causes and the impacts of the event. The analysis is centered on causes that result in the function. The previous cause explaining why the nation could be facing hunger is the dearth of products in the markets. Oftentimes, the cause and effect essay will center on a subject you've taken for granted, which means that you haven't spent plenty of time contemplating the details related to it. The start, known as the introduction, is what gives your reader a concept of just what you are likely to be speaking about. Still it seems quite simple to resolve, so you're going to unquestionably be a success. The Lost Secret of Cause Efffect Essay Samples Reading cause and effect essay examples will allow you to make your own writing. A customized cause and effect essay is a frequent essay type relative to the simple fact it t ends to stick to a particular format. Make a list of potential topics that you wish to describe in your cause and effect essay. A cause-effect essay is a part of writing that supplies an objective analysis of the way in which a specific event contributes to a particular result (usually another function that is the effect). Topic selection is critical to write the most suitable essay. Therefore, to make certain you don't mess up in your writing, as soon as you are supplied a topic, read it keenly and establish the subject. Since you may see the actual writing isn't as frightening as it might appear. It is important to keep in mind that the author should not simply describe the matter but illustrate it. As a way to provoke interest with the readers, it is crucial to locate a topic that could trigger the reader together with the author. Furthermore, the author of the paper may make a protracted description of the principal issue and briefly state the arguments. The ending of your introduction paragraph ought to be a thesis statement. The most essential part of the introduction is the thesis statement. The vital point to a thriving essay is having the suitable structure. For you to produce a very good structure for your essay you need to identify the major subject for discussion. A Secret Weapon for Cause Efffect Essay Samples Whenever most introductory paragraphs have more or less the identical general structure, there are specific regions of interest that differ including the content put in the bones. Cause and effect is among the most frequent kinds of essays. The cause and effect essay outline will serve you as a guide for the remainder of the paper. What's more, it's critical to be familiarized with the structure and goals of the work to compose a cause and effect essay.

Theodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America - 1290 Words

Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, but left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particular amendment was called the Platt Amendment of 1901, and opened the door to United States expansionism under President Roosevelt. It was under this amendment that Cuba quickly became the foundation for the new Latin American policies of the United States. The Roosevelt Corollary was another important part of Roosevelt s Latin American foreign policy. Roosevelt believed that Latin America was quite vulnerable to European expansionism, and added his Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which sta ted that should the Europeans attack, and should any Latin American nation engage in â€Å"chronic wrongdoing† such as outstanding debt, then the United States would intervene on their behalf. In essence, Europe would remain where it was, while the United States controlled the entire Western Hemisphere. The opportunity came for Roosevelt to implement this policy during the invasion of the Dominican Republic by European debt collectors, and Venezuelan Crisis. Lastly, Theodore Roosevelt had aShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt And William Howard Taft1501 Words   |  7 PagesWhen thinking about the numerous, dynamic leaders that America has had over the course of the nation’s history, it can become troublesome to fairly compare these respective heads of state. Though each American president has unquestionably left their own unique legacy from their time in office, when comparing leaders from similar times, certain consistencies can present themselves. While the Presi dency is of course beholden to constructs of political normativity subjective to the era they presidedRead MorePresident Theodore Roosevelt s Military Power1468 Words   |  6 Pages Although some believe that president Theodore Roosevelt abused his executive power, he did not. He was a very successful president who used his powers as president expertly during his presidency. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power wisely in the Dominican Republic and when he mediated the Russo-Japanese war. He used his legislative power effectively to influence reform policies. Roosevelt used his military power strongly to suppress Columbia and free Panama while asserting America’s militaryRead MoreSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined1700 Words   |  7 PagesSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined the American Nation. Teddy Roosevelt was forty-three years old when he took the office of Presidency, making him the youngest president in U.S. History. To many, he was the first modern day president. Roosevelt truly expanded the power of the preside ncy dramatically with his Square Deal, and Foreign Policy. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City to an affluent family. DueRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine And The United States Of America880 Words   |  4 PagesSince the early 1800’s the history of the world has been greatly influenced by the young nation of the United States of America. One of the earliest forms of this influence came on Dec. 2, 1823 in President James Monroe’s annual message to congress. In his address, he outlined his beliefs on keeping European powers out of Latin America for the good of the US. This section of his speech became known as The Monroe Doctrine. About 80 years later, President Theodore Roosevelt built on top of the ideasRead MoreThe Policies Of The United States During The Period912 Words   |  4 Pagespolicies of the United States during the period 1898-1936 regarding latin america can be broadly covered in phases; the first phase: Big Stick Diplomacy 1898- 1909, the second phase known as Dollar Diplomacy f rom 1909- 1913, the third phase called missionary diplomacy from 1913- 1921 and finally the fourth phase known and the good neighbor policy 1933- 1936. These four policies had a great impact on not only the landscape of latin america but on the future of the United States in the region. StartingRead MoreHistory Of The Monroe Doctrine Of 1823 Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesI will explain how this document helped the Mexican President Juarez in successfully revolting against the Emperor Maximillian of the French. I will also cover how the British affected the document and also how President Roosevelt wanted to extend the Doctrine with his â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary.† This document all began with the 5th president of the United States, James Madison. He tried to come up with some ideas to prevent Spain from repossessing the Western Hemisphere. So he went to former presidentsRead MoreThe United States And Foreign Policies870 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy rather than domestic. Wilson s predecessors, including McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Taft, had viewed the United States as an emerging power that needed to extend its influence throughout the world in order to serve national interests. This imperialist policy was justified by the commonly held belief that it was America s duty as a Christian republic to spread democracy throughout the world. These three Presidents significantly expanded America s influence abroad with the annexation of coloniesRead More US-Latin America Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesconceded to the United States their right of any intervention in the Western Hemisphere and allowed the United States to do whatever they wanted. The United States took this newly bestowed power and abused it. The United States intervened in many Latin American countries and imposed their policies on to these countries against their will. A perfect example of this aggression is what occurred in the Dominican Republic in 1904. The United States intervened in this sovereign nation and took controlRead MoreAmerica s New Sense Of World Power758 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the years of the American Civil War, America embarked on a manifest destiny, 2.0. America decided they wanted to expand their territory across the waters. There were many approaches that were suggested by previous presidents, all with the same goal: World Dominance. The Big Stick idea was brought to light from President Theodore Roosevelt. The plan reflected many of the same impulses that were motivating domestic reforms that were taking place in America. He wanted to expand that reform to CubaRead MoreThe War Of 1905 And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pagesmight not be repaid. Theodore Roosevelt divided the world into civilized and uncivilized nations. Roosevelt became extremely active in international diplomacy, more so than his predecessors. For example, he helped to negotiate a settlement of the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, for this he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt declared that the Untied States did not have the slightest desire to expand territory, however, he engaged an intervention in Central America. His first major action

Absorbent Mind Theory free essay sample

This paper will explore Dr. Maria Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory, the implementation of The Absorbent Mind Theory in Montessori practices; The Absorbent Mind Theory’s relation to Wallace J. Kahn’s ABC Model and to my own personal philosophy statement, in regards to the education of young children. The Absorbent Mind Theory states that the minds of young children, ages birth to six-years-old, are comparable to sponges, in that they ‘soak up’ information and knowledge. (Morris, 2002) However, the absorbent mind has two different phases, the first of which takes place from birth to age three. This stage of the absorbent mind is acquiring his or her basic abilities, for example; speaking, walking, and potty training. This stage of the absorbent mind is referred to as ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind. ’ (Shortridge, 2001) This portion of The Absorbent Mind Theory is particularly apparent when comparing an adult trying to learn a second language to a toddler learning his or her first language. A child acquires their first language without direction or conscious effort, generally beginning to form syllables by six-months, first words by one-year of age and sentences by age three. According to Montessori (1967), once the first stage of the absorbent mind was successfully implemented, the second stage; referred to as the ‘period of conscious work’ or the ‘conscious absorbent mind’ began. This is the age when the child begins to act on the things his or her mind has absorbed. (Hendron, 2011) The main task during this stage is freedom and independence. The child wants independence, often children in this second stage will say, â€Å"LET ME DO IT! † Many key points of Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory are being confirmed through brain research being conducted today. (Morris, 2002) Although Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory is of her own findings, including several years of observing children with exceptionalities, she was originally influenced by the works of several theorists, including Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, Edouard Seguin, Friedrich Frobel, and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. (Kramer, 1988) (Montessori, 1967) These theorists particularly influenced Montessori’s views on the importance of sensory exploration. Montessori Schools implement six principles, Independence, Observation, Following the Child, Correcting the Child, Prepared Environment and Absorbent Mind. These are the goals and beliefs that Dr. Montessori thought were the key elements to successfully educating children. (Kramer, 1988) The first principle is independence, which Montessori schools provide by allowing children the opportunities to perform tasks such as dressing, feeding, assisting in cleaning and so on. It is generally known that when children are able to do things for themselves they have higher self-confidence and esteem, which are essential for life. The second principle, observation, is essential in early childhood education. Observation provides teachers with clues that tell them what the child needs are. The third principle, Following the Child, basically means to let the children lead. If a child wants to climb, the teacher may provide a safe structure to climb on. This ties in directly with observation. The fourth principle, correcting the child, refers to appropriate methods to correct children’s mistakes. For example, if a child mispronounces a word, repeat the word correctly, without telling them that they mispronounced it. Montessori believed that correcting children in a negative manner may result in them being fearful of trying because they may make a mistake. Prepared environment basically means that the environment be accessible for children, since they are directing their own learning. Finally, absorbent mind is implemented into the Montessori Method of teaching. This explains why teachers are encouraged to use model behavior when working with young children. Children’s young minds are absorbing everything, and this includes behaviors modelled by adults and other children. As I am an early childhood education student, I am often exploring different methods and techniques to foster children’s learning and development. Maria Montessori believed that children have the innate desire to learn about the world around them. (Kramer, 1988) After several years of observing children and their journey to fulfill that innate desire, Montessori concluded that children learn best through experience. (Lillard and Else-Quest, 2006) As part of my own (future) personal teaching philosophy, I am an advocate for learning through experiences, rather than through book work or teacher dictation. In line with Montessori methods of teaching, I am also an advocate for treating and teaching children as individuals who have different interests, learning styles, and personalities; rather than assuming that all children enjoy the same activities and have the same interests. Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory and Kahn’s ABC Model are related in many ways. The most notable being that Kahn’s processes of assimilation and accommodation relate to ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind. ’ As I previously stated, a child that is in ‘the period of unconscious creation’ or the ‘unconscious absorbent mind’ only knows the world through the senses. Children in this stage are assimilating the things they absorb into their schemata. As Kahn (1999) states in Chapter 8, cognitive development and learning require continuous assimilation, and period accommodation. Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory states that children in the first stage are absorbing the information, which they will sort out in the second stage. This relates to the assimilation and periodic accommodation of information later on, because when children are between the ages of birth and three years old they do not have to cognitive ability to make periodic accommodations. Once a child reaches the second stage, referred to as the ‘period of conscious work’ or the ‘conscious absorbent mind’, they are expanding their exploration of the world and building on the schemata they have already begun to construct during the first stage. Kahn refers to this process as accommodation. In conclusion, although Maria Montessori’s Absorbent Mind Theory was high criticized during it’s time; today it is being implemented all over the world in Montessori Schools. Neuroscientists are now able to see how the brain develops, which has led to emphasis being placed on experiences in early childhood, the importance of children’s environments and their sensory experiences. (Morris, 2002) We should be feeding our children’s absorbent minds with positive, enriching experiences and opportunities.

The Image of Harold Turgis in Angel Pavement Essay Example

The Image of Harold Turgis in Angel Pavement Paper The Image of Harold Turgis Harold Turgis is one of the main characters of the novel Angel Pavement by J. B. Priestley. Harold worked for Twiggs and Dersingham, which dealt with a sale of veneers(Ã'„Ð °Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð °) and inlays. His position is described in the novel as Stanleys senior or Mr. Smeeths junior clerk, which can be explained that he is not a bad worker, but not good enough either, he is somewhere in-between. And this fact doesnt let the reader feel drawn to him from the very beginning of the story. As far as his appearance is concerned, again no one could say that he was handsome but he was not ugly either. He was in his early twenties, a thinnish, awkward young man, with a rather long neck, poor shoulders, and large clumsy hands and feet. He was obviously neither sick nor starved, yet something about his appearance, a total lack of colour and bloom His features were not good nor yet too bad. He had brown eyes that might have been called pretty if they had been set in a girls face, a fairly large nose that should have been masterful but somehow was not; a small still babyish mouth, usually open, and prevailing several big and irregular teeth; and a dropping rather than retreating chin. All this made Harold Turgis rather unprepossessing to other people as well as to the reader. Mr. Smeeth portrayed Turgis as quite a good worker, but a little bit careless: He does his best. We will write a custom essay sample on The Image of Harold Turgis in Angel Pavement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Image of Harold Turgis in Angel Pavement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Image of Harold Turgis in Angel Pavement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hes a bit careless sometimes, Ill admit, and hes not to be trusted far with figures yet. Harold was not lazy, he did everything what he was supposed to do, but at the same time he lacked enthusiasm for office work, moreover he never regarded himself as one of the firm. Even when the company was busy again and everything was very well for it, Turgis didnt share everybodys joy, for him it meant only a great deal more work: Turgis didnt see the fun of going hard at it all day and every day and frequently having to stay an hour later. In his everyday life Turgis was just one of London crowd, where he spent a deal of his time. He knew better than anybody else severity of crowd and the city itself, when he was jolting in overcrowded buses hasting to work or back home to his poor lodgings, when it was pouring and an icy wind chilled to the marrow, and his cheap and shabby clothes couldnt protect him from foul weather—Turgis rented a tiny bed-sitting room at the top of Mr. Pelumptons house. He proved to be a good quiet lodger, sober, and punctual in his payments. On Saturdays and Sundays Harold`s landlady provided him with breakfast and dinner, on the other days of the week he had only breakfast in the house and had to shift for himself for his other meals, what means that half of the week he was half starved. Turgis went on well with the Pelumptons and spent not one evening talking to Mr. Pelumpton, though He really thought Mr. Pelumpton a ridiculous old bore, which testifies to the fact that he rather subdued to other people than expressed his own opinion, he found it easier and safer. He was a youth who liked to agree with his company, not because he felt kindly disposed towards other people, but simply because it was less trouble to agree and applaud. Harold was not really sociable and companionable, he didnt have friends and wasnt longing for finding some; he didnt want company for companys sake. But he dreamt of finding a good, beautiful girl who would love and support him and who would share with him his lonely existence. Turgis consi dered himself to be a very romantic person and by temperament an inborn lover. His thoughts never left the other sex long; happiness had for him a feminine shape; the real world was illuminated by the bright glances of girls He realized that he had nothing to offer a girl, but his heart, soul and love, as he was far from being beautiful, clever, successful or rich, but still he didnt lose his hope. He knew that he had little to offer on the surface, was nothing to look at, nobody in particular, but he felt that inside he was different, he was wonderful, and that sooner or later a girl, a beautiful and passionate girl, caring nothing for the outside show, would recognize this difference. Then life would really begin. But still he was languishing in poverty, visiting on Sundays pictures and teashops, hoping to meet there a wonderful girl, his partner for the whole life, and trying to amuse himself by reading advertisements, the victim of which he was, since nearly every his shilling was conjured out of his pocket by the richest and most artful advertising managers . Perhaps that is why his suits bagged so soon, his shoes soaked up the rain, his cigarettes shredded and split, and his amusements failed to amuse, which proves that he didnt possess a critical mind, couldnt analyze his mistakes and make conclusions. However miracles always happen to people who believe in them. Once Lena Golspie came to the office to see her dad and Turgis saw her: There, like a being from another world, stood a girl all in green, a girl with large brown eyes, the most impudent little nose, and a smiling scarlet mouth, the prettiest girl he had ever seen. Since that very moment she became his dream, his inspiration and goal. If earlier he had just a vague image of a desired girl in his mind, now this image accepted the shape of Lena Golspie. Harold hadnt seen or spoken to her since that time, but he thought and dreamed about her a great deal. He didnt know her but was sure that he already loved her and that made him at least change his appearance: he shaved every day, bought some new collars and brushed his clothes. And evenings he spent strolling along Maida Vale, where Ms. Golspie lived, in hope to see her. One day he received that chance to see Lena, as he was asked to take some money to her. He was so happy; he couldnt wait till the end of the working day. When he delivered Lena the money, she invited him to have some tea, then they went to the movies, drank cocktails and danced after returning home. The next day they met again; Turgis couldnt believe his happiness. He was too naive to understand that Lena spent time with him just because she had nothing else to do, her friends left the city, besides she was not a kind of person who would stay in, she adore entertainment most of all, so she used Turgis like a toy. Even the last night when they were to meet and she didnt come, he tried to justify her: He thought of a hundred excuses for her. She might have been taken ill quite suddenly something might have happened at the house. After that accident Turgiss life was like a bad dream: his real life had been this pursuit of Lena, he could not forget her for a single minute. At first, he had realized, with wonder and humility, that it was all miraculous, that he was nobody in particular, with nothing very much to offer. But she herself had changed that She had kissed him into being somebody, and now he had a great deal to offer his love, his life. He tried to put her out of his mind, but failed, everything reminded him of her. Now he lived as he never lived before: he spent sleepless nights, thinking about her, he hardly ate anything, he didnt look after himself. That first phase of unusual smartness, brushed hair, clean collars, creased trousers, had passed; he could not bother with that any more Every night he went to Maida Vale hoping to see her and talk to her. His mind, however, lived as he never lived before, knowing exquisite agonies, finding pleasure and pain inextricably confused in these hours of waiting and shadowing. He was emotionally and physically exhausted, he couldnt stand it any longer, that is why he decided to go to Ms. Golspie and have it out with her once and forever. The reception was not friendly: Lena was beside herself with rage, she told Turgis that once she felt sorry for him and spent some time with him as she had nothing else to do, she pointed out that he was nobody and nothing on earth; at that moment she hated him so much. He looked at her and there came, like a flash of lightening, the conviction that she was hateful, and something broke, and a great blinding tide of anger swept over him. Her scream was cut short, for his hands were round her soft white throat, pressing and pressing it as he shook her savagely. Turgis was sure that he killed her. When he left her room, he didnt know where to go, he went nowhere, he just wanted to leave her room. Harold aimlessly strolled around the city until he reached the office, where he found Mr. Golspie and Ms. Matfield. He told them everything; they went together to Mr. Golspies apartment and found out that Lena was alive. So what did Turgis obtain? He failed to marry Lena Golspie, failed to kill her, he was too poor even to commit suicide, and finally he lost his job. But the author gave Harold Turgis one more chance: he sent him Poppy Sellers, who loved him and was ready to share with him his life, who could support and take care of him, who could understand him, having the same social background, the same ideals about life she was the eager, excited, imploring female, and he was the large, knowing, tolerant, protective male. Already they may have felt that they were going further together now than the way to the remotest picture theatre could take them. and soon these two were lost in the crowd.

Free Essays on Youth And Value

Youth and Values In an attempt to challenge societal values, youth cultures, in the form of rebellion, act and dress radically and form groups in protest. These dissident actions against the structure of existing society promotes the beginning of new small groups which reflect their own rules, structures, class, gender and ethnic ideologies. So, the youth culture, in challenging societal values, at the same time is reflecting them. In comparing Margaret Mead's young adults in Coming of Age in Samoa to Russian youth it is evident where the differences arise. The Samoans strong cultural values leave little need for individual expression. Expectations of the children change as they get older. They know what is expected of them and want to follow the rules. In contrast, the youth in the Soviet Union, live in a culture of confusion. They feel constricted by the laws of the society, see families collapsing around them, and believe things should change. They want to be individuals and they want to live by their own values and ideas. Many come from broken homes and poor communities with little respect for authority. They rebel against what they feel is an unjust society and look for a culture or group that they can identify with. Often society depicts these groups as dangerous, deviant and delinquent. These groups, however, just show many of the valued structures of society, but in a more radical way. They have a standard code of dress, values, ethics and rebel in order to force their ideas onto the public and to feel part of a recognizable group. Margaret Mead noticed little individual differences among the Samoans. "We have seen that the Samoans have a low level of appreciation of personality differences" (Mead, 1973, 161). The Samoan's strong cultural and family traditional values do not allow for individualism. In comparison, Soviet ... Free Essays on Youth And Value Free Essays on Youth And Value Youth and Values In an attempt to challenge societal values, youth cultures, in the form of rebellion, act and dress radically and form groups in protest. These dissident actions against the structure of existing society promotes the beginning of new small groups which reflect their own rules, structures, class, gender and ethnic ideologies. So, the youth culture, in challenging societal values, at the same time is reflecting them. In comparing Margaret Mead's young adults in Coming of Age in Samoa to Russian youth it is evident where the differences arise. The Samoans strong cultural values leave little need for individual expression. Expectations of the children change as they get older. They know what is expected of them and want to follow the rules. In contrast, the youth in the Soviet Union, live in a culture of confusion. They feel constricted by the laws of the society, see families collapsing around them, and believe things should change. They want to be individuals and they want to live by their own values and ideas. Many come from broken homes and poor communities with little respect for authority. They rebel against what they feel is an unjust society and look for a culture or group that they can identify with. Often society depicts these groups as dangerous, deviant and delinquent. These groups, however, just show many of the valued structures of society, but in a more radical way. They have a standard code of dress, values, ethics and rebel in order to force their ideas onto the public and to feel part of a recognizable group. Margaret Mead noticed little individual differences among the Samoans. "We have seen that the Samoans have a low level of appreciation of personality differences" (Mead, 1973, 161). The Samoan's strong cultural and family traditional values do not allow for individualism. In comparison, Soviet ...

Treaty of Paris 1898

Treaty of Paris 1898 The Treaty of Paris (1898) was the peace treaty signed on December 10, 1898 by Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War. The terms of the treaty also ended the age of Spanish imperialism and established the United States as a world power. Key Takeaways: The Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, was a peace agreement between Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War.Under the treaty, Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the United States gained possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.Marking the end of Spanish imperialism, the treaty established the United States’ position as a world power. The Spanish-American War The 1898 war between the United States and Spain came after three years of fighting by Cuban rebels to win independence from Spain. Happening so close to the coast of Florida, the conflict in Cuba transfixed Americans. Concerns for U.S. economic interests in the region, along with the American public’s outrage over the brutal tactics of the Spanish military spurred public sympathy for the Cuban revolutionaries. With tensions between the U.S. and Spain growing, the explosion of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898 brought the two nations to the brink of war.   On April 20, 1898, the United States Congress passed a joint resolution acknowledging Cuban independence, demanding that Spain abandon its control of the island, and authorizing President William McKinley to use military force. When Spain ignored the U.S. ultimatum, McKinley implemented a naval blockade of Cuba and called for 125,000 U.S. military volunteers. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, and the U.S. Congress voted to declare war against Spain the next day.   The first battle of the Spanish-American War was fought on May 1, 1898 in Manila Bay, where U.S. naval forces defeated the Spanish armada defending the Philippines. Between June 10 and June 24, U.S. troops invaded Cuba at Guantanamo Bay and Santiago de Cuba. With the Spanish Army in Cuba defeated, the U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish Caribbean armada on July 3. On July 26, the Spanish government asked the McKinley administration to discuss terms of peace. On August 12, a cease-fire was declared with the understanding that a peace treaty must be negotiated in Paris by October. Negotiations in Paris   Peace negotiations between representatives of the United States and Spain began in Paris on October 1, 1898. The American contingent demanded that Spain acknowledge and guarantee the independence of Cuba and transfer possession of the Philippines to the United States. In addition, the U.S. demanded that Spain pay Cuba’s estimated $400 million national debt. After agreeing to Cuban independence, Spain reluctantly agreed to sell the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. Spain also agreed to pay back the $400 million Cuban debt by transferring possession of Puerto Rico and the Mariana island of Guam to the United States. Spain demanded that it be allowed to retain possession of the Philippines capital city of Manila- which had been captured by U.S. forces hours after the August 12 cease-fire had been declared. The United States refused to consider the demand. Representatives of Spain and the U.S. signed the treaty on December 10, 1898, leaving it up to the two nation’s governments to ratify it.   Pages 8 and 9 out of 19 pages comprising the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War. Spain relinquished Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States in exchange of payment of $20,000,000. Spain also agreed to assume the $400,000,000 Cuban debt.   Corbis Historical / Getty Images While Spain signed the agreement days later, ratification was strongly opposed in the U.S. Senate by senators who viewed it as instituting an unconstitutional policy of American â€Å"imperialism† in the Philippines. After weeks of debate, the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899 by a single vote. The Treaty of Paris took effect on April 11, 1899, when the U.S. and Spain exchanged documents of ratification.  Ã‚   Significance While the Spanish-American War had been short in duration and relatively inexpensive in terms of dollars and lives, the resulting Treaty of Paris had a lasting impact on both Spain and the United States.   While it suffered initially from the terms of the treaty, Spain eventually benefited from being forced to abandon its imperialistic aspirations in favor of focusing on its many long-ignored internal needs. Indeed the war resulted in a modern Spanish renaissance in both its material and social interests. The post-war period in Spain saw rapid advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation over the following two decades.   As Spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga wrote in his 1958 book Spain: A Modern History, â€Å"Spain felt then that the era of overseas adventures had gone, and that henceforth her future was at home. Her eyes, which for centuries had wandered to the ends of the world, were at last turned on her own home estate.†Ã‚   The United States- whether intentionally or not- emerged from the Paris peace talks as the world’s newest superpower, with strategic territorial possessions stretching from the Caribbean to the Pacific. Economically, the United States profited from the new trade markets it gained in the Pacific, Caribbean, and the Far East. In 1893, the McKinley administration used the terms of the Treaty of Paris as partial justification for annexing the then-independent Hawaiian Islands. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898.† Yale Law School.â€Å"The Spanish–American War: The United States Becomes a World Power.† Library of Congress.McKinley, William. â€Å"The Acquisition of the Philippines.† U.S. Department of State.de Madariaga, Salvador (1958). â€Å"Spain: A Modern History.† Praeger. ISBN: 0758162367

Saudi Arabian 10th Five-Year Development Plan from 2015-2020 Essay - 19

Saudi Arabian 10th Five-Year Development Plan from 2015-2020 - Essay Example The main objectives 10th Five-Year Development Plan of Saudi Arabia are creating new job opportunities and diversification of the economy. The country thinks that if its economy does not diversify then enough job opportunities will not be created for the people living in Saudi Arab. This will reduce the prospects of job opportunities in the country when the reserves of oil will be finished in future. The economic development plan can create a good future for the company. In this development plan labour is the key priority for the country. Through this plan the country aims to promote its stability, growth and strengthen its economy (Arab News). The institutional reforms will be enhanced and Saudi Arabia will support civil institutions. It will try to improve the productivity and efficiency level of the state agencies. With the help of this 10th Five-Year Development Plan the country will enhance the principles of transparency and accountability for protecting the integrity of Saudis. The country will take effective measures to fight against corruption. The government will encourage different private sector industries of the country. This will enable the private companies in creating various employment opportunities. The country will implement meaningful and effective economic plan which will facilitate it in progressing towards diversification. Several measures are adopted in this plan to control Umrah operators. Saudi Arabia will try to lower down its inflation rate for making the economy stable. The business of SMEs will be encouraged by the country for increasing its GDP and employment rate (G20). The empowerment of National Competition Council is an important part of this plan. By implementing this 5year plan, Saudi Arab will enhance the competition level in various industrial sectors. The use of renewable energy will be encouraged by expanding the sources of this type of energy. The country will try to lower down the high consumption level of gas and oil i n the domestic sector. A national strategy will be implemented by the country for  developing a knowledge base society.  

Principles of psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of psychology - Essay Example On one side, there are a majority of biological factors, which influence our development. The first comes from our genetic programming. Our genes, which are passed from parent to offspring, lay the template for the development of the biological components in psychology. If there are any abnormalities in the proteins, this can cause problems with the development of tissues and organs. As a result, this can affect behavior. For example, there has long been an association with the development of schizophrenia with a genetic component. As a result, this genetic abnormality causes the psychological disorder. In the case of this and many other physiological abnormalities, these are inherent to the person and can rarely be changed. The conditions can be fulfilled using custodial medications, which are meant to control and relieve the symptoms; however there are very few treatments available that can modify the physiological abnormalities. The other side consists of molding and experiences t hat are taken from the environment, which shape a person’s cognitive abilities. Aspects such as intelligence and cognitive processing are said to be a result of a child’s learning as they progress through life.

Introduction to the Rajputs Essay Example for Free

Introduction to the Rajputs Essay A Rajput is a member of one of the landowning patrilineal clans of central and northern India. Rajputs consider themselves descendants of one of the major ruling warrior groups of the Hindu Kshatriya varna ( social order ) in the Indian subcontinent, particularly North India. The Rajputs rose to prominence during the 6th to 12th centuries, and until the 20th century Rajputs ruled in the â€Å"overwhelming majority† of the princely states of Rajasthan and Saurashtra, where the largest number of princely states were found. They are divided into three major lineages. The Rajput empire spread in many countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Southeast Asia and some parts of Tibet. The four Agnivanshi clans namely the Pariharas (Pratihara), Solankis (Chalukya dynasty) Paramaras and Chahamanas rose to prominence first, establishing territories and creating kingdoms. The Rajputs were mainly feudal lords under the over-lordship of the rulers belonging to Pratiharas – a dynasty that ruled until the 10th century. Gradually, they attained the status of independent rulers. Their dominion spread over most parts of north India. In the north-west region known as Rajputana, which comprises the present day Rajasthan and parts of Pakistan. The Rajput community comprised of the Chauhans of East Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Delhi, the Rathores of Uttar Pradesh, the Paramaras of Central India and the Tomars of Gwalior and later, Delhi. Of these the Chauhans and the Rathores were dominant clans. The Rajput though brave and chivalrous often succumbed to inter-clan rivalries, which proved advantageous for the Muslim rulers during the medieval period. The Rajputs being a dominant Hindu clan offered heavy resistance to the Muslim rulers who spread their rule over India during the medieval period. The Rajput princes maintained their own independent princely kingdoms. Some of the brave Rajput rulers who have been made their names eternal in Indian history are Prithviraj Chauhan, Rana Kumbha, Rana Sangram Singh, Rana Udai Singh and Maharana Pratap. Prithviraj Chauhan proved to be the last Rajput ruler of Delhi. The Chauhans, led by Govinda, grandson of Prithviraj, later established a small state centered around Rathambore in present-day Rajasthan. The Rajput lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit, with men even forging a bond with their sword. The double-edged scimitar known as the khanda was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with khanda nariyal, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Many Rajputs are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasizing a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition. The Rajput rulers had a keen sense of beauty in art and architecture which is seen in the artistic excellence of their temples, forts and palaces. The Indo-Aryan style of architecture developed in North India and Upper Deccan and the Dravidian style in South India during the Rajput period. Both sculpture and architecture attained a high degree of excellence. e.g. The Rathas of Mahabalipuram or Mammallapuram, the Kailash temple at Ellora and the sculpture of Elephanta belonging to the early Rajput period ( 600 Ad to 900 AD ) The temple architecture of Orissa, Khajuraho, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and the Pallava, Chola and Hoysala temples in the South belong to the later Rajput period. ( 900 AD to 1200 AD )

The Life and Work of Katherine Mansfield Essays -- Biography Katherine

The Life and Work of Katherine Mansfield Born as Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp in Wellington, New Zealand in the year 1888, Katherine Mansfield has long been celebrated as New Zealand’s most influential and important writer. Daughter of Annie Dyer and Herold Beauchamp, Mansfield was born to a wealthy businessman and a mother who was often thought to have been â€Å"aloof†. Attending school at a young age, Mansfield went to Wellington GC as well as Miss Swainson’s private school before being sent to Queen’s college in London for a more formal education. At Queen’s, Mansfield learned to speak French and German, and also took up the cello. It was here that Mansfield first began to write her prose and poetic work (Robinson). During her three years spent at college, perhaps Kathleen’s most important lessons were learned through her rebellious activities and desire to break free from the socialized standards she was continuously exposed to. She would write to class mates about loathing mar riage, saying â€Å"The idea of sitting and waiting for a husband is absolutely revolting and it really is the attitude of a great many girls...† (Wilkins). By the time Kathleen returned to New Zealand in 1906, she was filled with ideas for an adventurous, unconventional life that lead her on a long string of relationship infatuations with both men and women, as well as out of the ordinary exploits into the wilderness of New Zealand. She felt uncomfortable and detached from her homeland, and found Wellington to be â€Å"provincial† (Robinson). It took Kathleen twenty months to convince her Father to allow her to go, but in 1908, Mansfield found herself traveling back to â€Å"Mother England†, which meant she would be leaving her home forever at the age of twenty.... ...od of Katherine Mansfield. In heavy detail, it describes the year-by-year events of Mansfield’s life, from parental conflict to her relationships with men and women. A very detailed and thorough look into Mansfield’s career. Wilkins, Damien. â€Å"The New Zealand Edge: Heros†¦ Katherine Mansfield.† NZEdge.com. Monday 10 Oct.2005. Another wonderful biography of Mansfield that also offers the commonly held opinions of her fellow New Zealanders on the writer, Wilkins creates a well-rounded piece on Katherine’s life and work. This website presents Katherine as an idol for modern writers and a revolutionary figure in the complete overhaul of the short story. It details a great deal upon the opinions and personal views of Mansfield herself, which offers a very thorough and unique perspective into the life of the author.

A Lesson Before Dying Essay

â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† takes place in a small Louisiana Cajun community in the late 1940’s. In the novel, Jefferson, a young black man, is an unwitting party to a liquor store shoot out in which three men are killed; being the only survivor, he is convicted of a murder and sentenced to death. To portray this novel Gaines displays respectable literary devices like setting, tone, and characterization; therefore helping I as the reader feel the emotions of Jefferson from his point of view. In the initial setting of the novel, Jefferson sits in a courtroom located in rural Louisiana, which is filled with anger, tension, isolation, and quietness from the people in the room. This setting of the book supports Jefferson’s personality in chapter nine when Jefferson’s character is introduced. Jefferson’s cell could be considered the second setting or Jefferson’s setting in the book. Jefferson’s relationship to the courtroom (initial setting) supports Jefferson’s personality in the prison. He is isolated just like in the courtroom. â€Å"There was an empty cell between Jefferson and the rest of the prisoners† (Gaines 71). Jefferson’s cell was not only isolated like a courtroom in rural Louisiana, but quiet. â€Å"Jefferson’s been quiet . . . He didn’t answer† (Gaines 71). Due to Jefferson’s isolation and quietness, he has built anger inside. An anger which had been building up since the courtroom conviction. â€Å"Nothing don’t matter,† he said looking up at the ceiling. The first setting of the novel is similar to Jefferson’s cell setting. The three settings: The courtrooms, location and time era of the town, and prison all have similarities to Jefferson’s character traits. The court trial scene embodies everything that is contained within the novel. All events that occur throughout the entire novel are a repercussion of Jefferson’s court case. These circumstances set up the tone that is simply perceived throughout the novel. Gaines tone in the novel shifts as the novel progresses. Gaines made the novel begin with a pessimism view; everything seemed awful and negative especially the court trial. Gaines shows us this disgust tone by telling us the details of the jury members. The twelve â€Å"white† jury members of the case shows us that Jefferson felt dominated by the whites. As the novel goes on Gaines tone shifts and Jefferson seems more aware and confident, the anger and disgust diminishes the longer Jefferson sits in jail. The twelve white jury members were also Gaines way of showing the dominance, and power of the whites during this ime, only thinking that blacks are only good for working, and is incapable of thinking for themselves†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Do you see a modicum of intelligence? A trait inherited from his ancestors in the deepest jungle of blackest Africa†¦ What you see here is a thing that acts on command. â€Å"(Gaines7). Understanding this time era is important for the tone, and Gaines gives good examples representing the era to the tone. Gaines’s style is unique because the figurative language that he uses improves the reader’s mental picture. For example, when Gaines was describing Miss Emma at the beginning of the novel he says â€Å"she became as immobile as a great stone or as one of our oak cypress stumps†(Gaines 36). This allowed me as the reader to picture Miss Emma and the condition that she is in with a mental image throughout the entire novel. He also used figurative language while he describes in chapter fourteen the Louisiana Countryside. Gaines told in great detail the cemetery appearance as Grant walked through and then explain the smells and feelings he has while Grant explores the Sugar Cane Planation with Vivian. The literary devices were greatly put to use by Gaines to explain, and portray his novel to any reader. He has made a novel enjoyable for an audience that may not like reading due to his sarcasm (tone), and figurative language to set up numerous scenes. The settings are a main building block for this novel because the court room and the jail cell is when the story line is put together. Each trial, and everyday described by Gaines about Jefferson in jail puts the novel together into one amazing novel that I will be sure to recommend. A Lesson Before Dying Essay The economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement services are delivered. As has been discussed by the COPS Office Director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expectations will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the budget is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local budgets to recover to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders are faced with budget contractions that are in need to identified in different ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the new public safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a). The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 5–10 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local government officials who determined that allocating 30–50 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a fiscal possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term. Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures County and municipal budgets tend lagging behind the general economy, which is one of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service delivery—which has been with us for the last 50 years—is already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 3–5 years. Police departments have been one of the affected by the current economic climate. Restricting revenues nationwide have forced local governments to make cuts in spending across the board, which has affected everything to include public safety operating budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good example is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in Budget implementation. The objective of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation problem for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting addressed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from previous period’s figures to arrive at new period’s budget. Under zero bases, every program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to achieve, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage. Zero base budgeting is analogous to marketing concept in terms of information requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Nigeria’s budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely based on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem. Many have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and strategy. â€Å"Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas planning s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes aren’t well integrated, resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa† (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be beneficial to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget cycle refers to the whole process from the commencement of developing a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year. However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the various departments’ budgets to the time the appropriation bills are signed into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial steps of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the president’s budget application to the Congress. This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A budget can also be defined as an organizational plan that is stated in monetary terms. It is used as a road map for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an organization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year marks the first step of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001). The steps outlined below are steps of a sample government’s budget cycle: Budget submissions: this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval: this entails the executive committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. Global Changes: the salaries are adjusted so that they reflect salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources Department. Closing: this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards: it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In most instances, law enforcement management prepares master budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets. By establishing an operating and financial budget for a future period, management can identify problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming accounting or financial year. They are detailed by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins. However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be revised such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organization’s capacity to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks. Thus, budgets facilitate the process of making adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. It plays a significant role in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital improvements. I have a very strong opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be modified to meet the current business environment. Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information; they should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up; i. e. upper level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate â€Å"what if† analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. One of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, support from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics. Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in excess of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In order for department to compensate for dwindling budget, many law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to offset the reduction in available spending. Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shopping in discount stores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and emergency responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and inventive techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way. Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing a budget is an important tool for determining the department’s performance, in motivating the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organization’s financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL: ZERO BASE BUDGETING, PANACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). Director’s Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http://cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Director’s Column: July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http://cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management: Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 14

Keller put her hands to her face. At first, she didn't recognize what was happening to her. Then she realized that she was crying. She was shaking, Raksha Keller who wasn't afraid of anyone and who never let her heart be touched. She was making those ridiculous little noises that sounded like a six-week-old kitten. She was dripping tears through her fingers. The worst thing was that she couldn't seem to make herself stop. Then she felt Galen's arms around her, and she realized that he was crying, too. He was better at it than she was. He seemed more used to it and didn't fight it as hard, which made him stronger. He was able to stroke her hair and even to get some words out. â€Å"Keller, I'm sorry. Keller†¦ can I call you Raksha?† Keller shook her head furiously, spraying teardrops. â€Å"I always think of you as Keller, anyway. It's just-you, somehow. I'm sorry about all of this. I didn't mean to make you cry. It would be better if you'd never met me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Keller found herself shaking her head again. And then, just as she had the last time, she felt her arms moving to hold him back. She pressed her face against the softness of his sweatshirt, trying to get enough control of herself to speak. This was the problem with having walls so hard and high and unscalable, she supposed. When they came down, they crumbled completely, shattering into nothingness. She felt utterly defenseless right now. Unguarded†¦ vulnerable†¦ but not alone. She could feel more than Galen's physical presence. She could feel his spirit, and she was being pulled toward it. They were falling together, falling into each other, as they had in the library. Closer and closer†¦ Contact. She felt the touch of his mind, and once again her heart almost exploded. You're the one. You're my soulmate, his mental voice said, as if this were an entirely new idea, and he was just discovering it and rejoicing in it. Keller reached for denial, but it simply wasn't around. And she couldn't pretend to someone who shared her thoughts. When I first saw you, he said, I was so fascinated by you. I already told you this, didn't I? It made me proud to be a shapeshifter for the first time. Aren't you proud? Keller was disconcerted. She still wasn't finished crying-but, yes, she was. With his warmth and passion shining into her, his arms locked around her, his mind open to her†¦ it was hard not to get swept up in it. I guess I'm proud, she thought to him slowly. But only of some parts of it. Other things†¦ What things? he demanded, almost fiercely protective. Our history? The dragons? No. Stuff you wouldn't understand Things about-animal nature. Even now, Keller was afraid of letting him see some parts of her. Leave it alone, Galen. All he said was, Tell me. No. It happened a long time ago, when I was three. Just be glad you get to pick what kind of animal you'll become. Keller, he said. Please. You don't like animal nature, she told him. Remember how you pulled your hand away when you touched my shoulder in the music room? In the†¦ ? His mental voice trailed off, and Keller waited grimly to feel the memory of disgust in him. But what came wasn't revulsion. Instead, it was a strong sense of longing that he was somehow trying to smother. And choked, wry laughter. Keller, I didn't pull away because I didn't like your fur. I did it because . . He hesitated, then burst out, sounding embarrassed, I wanted to pet you! Pet†¦ ? Your fur was so soft, and it felt so good when I moved my palm the wrong way against it-just like velvet. And-I wanted to-to do this. He ran a hand up and down her back. I couldn't help it. But I knew it wasn't exactly appropriate, and you would probably break my jaw if I tried it. So I took my hand away. He finished, still embarrassed, but half laughing. Now, you tell me what you're not proud of. Keller felt very warm, and she was sure her face was flushed. It was just as well that it was hidden. It was too bad-there was probably never going to be a time to tell him that she wouldn't mind being petted like that†¦ I'm a cat, after all, she thought, and was distantly surprised to hear him chuckle. There were no secrets in this kind of soul-link, she realized, slightly flustered. To cover her embarrassment, she spoke out loud. â€Å"The thing I'm not proud of-it happened when I was living with my first Circle Daybreak family. I used to spend a lot of time in my half-and-half form. It was easy for me to get stuck that way, and they didn't mind.† I wouldn't, either, Galen said. You're beautiful like that. â€Å"Anyway, I was sitting on my foster mother's lap while she was combing my hair, and I don't know what happened, but something startled me. Some loud noise outside, maybe a car backfiring. I jumped straight up and tried to race for my hiding place under the desk.† Keller paused, made herself take an even breath. She felt Galen's arms tighten around her. â€Å"And then-well, my foster mother tried to hold on to me, to keep me from being frightened. But all I could think of was danger, danger. So I lashed out at her. I used my claws-I have retractable claws in that form. I would have done anything to get away.† She paused again. It was so hard to tell this. â€Å"She had to go to the hospital. I forget how many stitches she needed in her face. But I remember everything else-being taken to another foster family because that one couldn't handle me. I didn't blame them for sending me away, but I always wished I could have told her how sorry I was.† There was a silence. Keller could feel Galen breathing, and that gave her an odd sense of comfort. Then he said quietly, out loud, â€Å"That's all?† Keller started, then lifted her head a little and made herself answer the same way. â€Å"Isn't it enough?† â€Å"Keller†¦ you were just a baby. You didn't mean to do any harm; it was an accident. You can't blame yourself.† â€Å"I do blame myself. If I hadn't been taken over by my instinct-â€Å" â€Å"That's ridiculous. Human babies do stupid things all the time. What if a human three-year-old falls into a swimming pool and somebody drowns trying to rescue her? Would you blame the baby?† Keller hesitated, then rested her head on his shoulder again. â€Å"Don't be silly.† â€Å"Then how can you blame yourself for something you couldn't help?† Keller didn't answer, but she felt as if a crushing load was sliding slowly off her. He didn't blame her. Maybe she wasn't to blame. She would always be sorry, but maybe she didn't need to be so ashamed. She tightened her own arms around him. Thank you, she thought. Oh, Keller. You're so wonderful, and you're so set against admitting it. Everything you do†¦ shines. Keller couldn't form any words for a moment. Then she said, Galen? When you do choose a form, choose something gentle. I thought you thought everybody has to be a fitter, he said, and his mental voice was very quiet. Some people shouldn't have to be. Then she just let him hold her. Another endless time, while they both seemed to be floating in soft, gold fire. It flared around them and through them, joining them. Sometimes she could hardly tell which thoughts were his and which were hers. He said, I used to write poetry, you know. Or try. My parents hated it; they were so embarrassed. Instead of learning to be a good hunter, their son was writing gibberish. She said, There's this terrible dream I have, where I look out at the ocean and see a wall of water hundreds of feet high, and I know it's coming and I can never get away in time. Cats and water, you know. I guess that's why. He said, I used to daydream about what kind of animal it would be most fun to be. But it always came down to the same thing, some kind of bird. You just can't beat flying. She said, One thing I always had to hide from my foster mothers was how much I liked to shred things. I thought I was being so clever when I would hide their panty hose after I used my claws on them. But when I did it on the sheer curtains one day, everybody knew. They talked and talked. And Keller gave herself up to it, to the simple pleasure of his closeness and the feeling that for once she didn't have to hide or pretend or defend herself. It was such a blessed relief not to have to pretend at all. Galen knew her, and he accepted her. All of her. He loved herself, not her black swirling hair or her long legs or the curve of her lips. He might admire those things, but he loved her, what she was inside. And he loved her with a sweetness and a power that shook Keller to her soul. She wanted to stay like this forever. There was something else waiting for them, though. Something she didn't want to think about but that loomed just outside the brightness and warmth that surrounded them. The world†¦ there's still a world out there. And it's in trouble. And we can't ignore that. Galen. I know. Very slowly, very reluctantly, Galen straightened, putting her away from him. He couldn't seem to let go of her shoulders, though. They sat that way, their eyes locked. And the strange thing was that the mental connection wasn't broken. They could still hear each other as they held each other's gaze. We can never be like this again, Keller said. I know. He had faced it as clearly as she had, she realized. We can't talk about it; we can't even be alone together. It isn't fair to Uiana. And we have to try to forget each other and just go on. I know, he said for the third time. And just when Keller was marveling at his quiet acceptance, she saw tears in his gem-colored eyes. Keller, it's my fault. If I weren't the son of the First House†¦ We'd never have met. And that would have been worse. â€Å"Would it?† he said out loud, as if he needed reassurance. Yes. She gave the answer mentally, so that he could feel the truth of it. Oh, Galen, I'm so glad we met. I'm so glad to have known you. And if we live through this, I'll be glad all my life. He took her into his arms again. â€Å"We have it, Boss,† Winnie said. Her eyes were sparkling. Beside her, Nissa looked calmly enthusiastic. â€Å"What?† Keller asked. She herself felt calmly alert, in spite of almost no sleep the night before. She and Galen had stayed up late, reading over the scrolls, making sure that there was nothing they had missed. They had already explained what they'd found to the others. Now Winnie was grinning at her. â€Å"How to protect Iliana at the party on Saturday. We've got it, and it's foolproof!† Nothing is foolproof, Keller thought. She said, â€Å"Go on.† It's like this. We put wards all around the Ashton-Hughes house, just like the wards Grandma Harman made for this house. The strongest possible from Circle Daybreak. But we put them around the house now, as soon as we can. We key them so that only humans can get in.† â€Å"And we add another layer of protection,† Nissa said. â€Å"Circle Daybreak agents posted around the house, starting now. Nothing gets in, nothing gets out that they don't know about. That way, when we go to the party on Saturday, we know it's safe.† â€Å"We just whisk her from one safe place to another,† Winnie said. â€Å"As long as we can keep her in here until Saturday night, there's-no chance of any danger.† Keller considered. â€Å"We have to make sure the limo is safe, too. Absolutely safe.† â€Å"Of course,† Winnie said. ‘Ill take care of it.† â€Å"And I'd want agents to check the people who go hi somehow. Not just monitor. Would there be any way to do that?† â€Å"Without the family knowing?† Nissa chewed her lip gently. â€Å"What if we set up some sort of road crew near the front gate? There's bound to be a gate; this is a mansion, right?† â€Å"Check it out. And we'd better get plans of the house, too. I want us all to know the place by heart before we get there.† â€Å"City planner's office,† Nissa said. â€Å"No, more likely the local historical society. The house is probably a historic monument. I'm on it.† Keller nodded. â€Å"Hmm.† She tried to think if there was anything else to worry about. â€Å"Hmm, it sounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They watched her, breath held. â€Å"It sounds good,† Keller said. â€Å"I think there's just the tiniest, slightest possibility that it might actually work. But I'm probably being overoptimistic.† Winnie grinned and socked her on the shoulder. â€Å"You, Boss? Perish the thought.† ‘It's so difficult,† Iliana said. â€Å"I mean, what can you wear to both a birthday party and a promise ceremony?† â€Å"And a Solstice Ceremony,† Winnie said. â€Å"Don't forget that† â€Å"You're trying to make things worse, aren't you?† Iliana held up one dress, then another. â€Å"What's right for a Solstice Ceremony?† â€Å"Something white,† Winnie suggested. â€Å"That would be good for a promise ceremony, too,† Keller said. She was doing her very best to be patient, and finding it easier than she had expected. The last three days had been very quiet Iliana had agreed to stay home from school even when her cold got better. Galen and Keller had scarcely spoken in that time, and they had never been alone. And that was†¦ all right. There was a quietness inside her to match the quiet air outside. They both had jobs to do. And they would do them as well as possible. Keller just prayed that what they did would be enough. â€Å"White? I don't know if I've got anything white. It has to be fancy because everything at Jaime's is fancy. I hope she's really okay.† â€Å"She's fine,† Keller said. â€Å"You talked to her an hour ago.† To her own relief, Jaime had stayed quietly at home for the past three days, too. The last thing she wanted was for that girl to be attacked again. But the Ashton-Hughes house, at least, was safe. For three days, it had been buttoned up tight, with Circle Daybreak agents watching every person who went through the gates. And checking them, using the same wards that protected the house. No Night Person could cross the invisible line that encircled the grounds, and no person who tried to cross and was turned back by the wards would be allowed to leave without being tracked. All we have to do is keep her safe during the drive, Keller thought. First to the mansion, then to the meeting place in Charlotte. We can do that. I know we can do that. She checked her watch. â€Å"Come on, kid, it's after eight,† she said. â€Å"We should be moving soon.† Iliana and Winnie were both ransacking the closet â€Å"Pale blue,† Winnie said, â€Å"pale lavender, pale pink†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It has to be white,† Iliana said. â€Å"I'm sorry I mentioned it.† A knock sounded on the door, and Nissa looked in. â€Å"We're back. You guys ready?† â€Å"In a minute,† Keller said. â€Å"How're things at the mansion?† â€Å"Perfect. The witches say the wards are strong.† â€Å"Who's come in?† â€Å"Caterers and a college band. That's all so far. All one hundred percent human according to the wards-and to Galen, who kept running up to the cars at the gate and trying to sell them Christmas Benefit teddy bears.† Keller almost grinned. Galen would be good at that. â€Å"The family must have thought he was crazy.† â€Å"They never came out and complained. Nobody's come out, in fact, which makes things easy on die surveillance team.† She sobered. â€Å"Boss, why do you think the dragon hasn't tried something yet? He's cutting it awfully close.† â€Å"I don't know. I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† â€Å"I think he must be betting it all on one throw of the dice. One all-out attack, fast and decisive.† â€Å"At the party.† â€Å"At the parry,† Keller said. â€Å"So we'd better be on our toes.† â€Å"We've got him locked out, though. Those wards are secure.† â€Å"I hope so.† From the closet, Iliana squealed, â€Å"I found it!† She was holding a dress almost the color of her own hair, white with some sort of sparkling thread woven in. It draped in soft folds across her hip as she held it up for Winnie's inspection. â€Å"Perfect,† Winnie said. â€Å"You can get engaged in that dress; you can go to a birthday parry; you can celebrate the Solstice-you can probably get married in it if you want† â€Å"You can do whatever you want, but you have to do it now,† Keller said, checking her watch again. â€Å"But do you like it? I think I bought it last year.† â€Å"It's beautiful,† Keller said, and then, as she saw the hurt in Hiana's violet eyes: â€Å"Really. It's beautiful. You'll look wonderful in it, and Galen will be-very impressed.† Where had that sudden hitch in her breath come from? She had gotten over it quickly, but she noticed that Diana gave her an odd look. â€Å"Now, come on, everybody,*' Keller said briskly, looking at Winnie and Nissa. â€Å"Are you two ready?† They both looked down at their ordinary outfits, then looked back up and shrugged in chorus. â€Å"Yeah.† ‘I guess they can think we're the help,† Keller said. â€Å"Everybody check your transmitters. I want to be in constant contact once we get there.† â€Å"Right, Boss.† â€Å"Got it, Boss.† Iliana had put on the dress and was looking in the mirror. â€Å"My hair,† she began, and then she glanced at Keller. â€Å"Ill just leave it down,† she said. â€Å"Okay?† â€Å"Down is fine, down is great.† Keller glanced at her watch and tightened her belt. â€Å"Down is just right for a Solstice Ceremony,† Winnie said. She added in an undertone as Iliana started for the door, â€Å"Don't mind her. She's always like this before a big operation.† ‘It's a good thing I didn't ask her about my shoes†¦.† Keller looked around to make sure there was nothing they were forgetting. Then she looked at the other three girls. They smiled back at her, eyes alert and ready for anything. Even the smallest one, who looked like a Christmas tree angel somebody had taken down and brought to life. â€Å"Okay, people,† Keller said. â€Å"This is it. It's show time.† Galen was wearing a dark sweater and pants that set off his blondness. It was casual but still appropriate for the promise ceremony later on. His eyes met Keller's briefly as Iliana said good-bye to her parents, and they both smiled. Not fake smiles, either. Simply the quiet, undemanding smiles of comrades with a job to do. â€Å"Kee-kee!† Alex said from the door as they went to the car in the garage. That kid is up way too late, Keller thought She turned and waved. â€Å"Blow him a kiss,† Diana prompted helpfully. â€Å"He likes that.† Keller gave her a narrow sideways look and blew him a kiss. â€Å"Kee-kee!† Suddenly, his round little face crumpled. â€Å"Bye-bye,† he proclaimed sadly. â€Å"Oh, that's sweet,† Diana's mother said. â€Å"He's going to miss you. He probably thinks you're going for good.† â€Å"Bye-bye,† Alex said, and huge tears rolled down his cheeks. â€Å"Bye-bye! Kee-kee! Bye-bye!† He began to sob. There was a little silence among the group standing by the car. Winnie stared at Alex, then glanced at Iliana. â€Å"He doesn't-he's never had any precognitions, has he?† she muttered. â€Å"He's a baby,† Iliana whispered back. ‘1 mean, how could you tell?† â€Å"He's just tired,† Keller said briefly. â€Å"Come on, let's go.†

Angles and Anglos

Angles and Anglos Angles and Anglos Angles and Anglos By Maeve Maddox The word Anglo, like English, derives from the Latin name for one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain after the Romans abandoned their colony there. The first documented use of the word Anglii is in a history of the German tribes by the Roman historian Tacitus (56-c.117 CE). The Angles were only one of several Germanic tribes that later settled in Britain after the Romans left, but it is their name that has given us the words England, English, and Anglo. Anglo has various meanings, depending upon context. Anglo as a Combining Form with a Hyphen One use of Anglo is as a combining form to create compounds relating to England, Britain, or the English language. Here are some examples: Despite its sentimentality, â€Å"The Bright Side† is expressive of real moral outrage, and founded largely on valid observation of  the plight of Anglo-Germans during the war. - â€Å"Anglo-Germans† designates people of German origin who were living in England at the outbreak of the war. This work examines aspects of Anglo-French relations since the late eighteenth century.- â€Å"Anglo-French relations†: diplomatic relations between England and France. This book discusses the â€Å"Anglo-Italian† identity politics of post-Napoleonic British expatriates  in Italy.- â€Å"Anglo-Italian† refers to people of English origin living in Italy. Journalist Kris Griffiths was born to a Welsh  father  and  Anglo-Indian  mother.- â€Å"Anglo-Indian† indicates that one of the mother’s parents was British. Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum belongs to the category of Anglo-Latin literature.- â€Å"Anglo-Latin literature† is literature from Britain originally written in Latin. Anglo as a Combining Form without a Hyphen These words are used as nouns and adjectives. Sometimes they are written in lowercase. Here are definitions for their use as nouns: Anglophobe: A person who has a strong aversion or hostility to England (or Britain), its people, culture, etc. Anglophile: A supporter or admirer of England (or Britain), its people, customs, etc. Anglophone: A person who speaks English. Anglosphere: A group of countries that maintain a close affinity of cultural, familial and political links with one another, notably, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Anglo as a Noun In Canada, Anglo refers to an English-speaking Canadian. In India, an Anglo is a person of mixed British and Indian descent. In the United States, Anglo refers to a resident who is not of Hispanic origin. Note: The hyphenated form Anglo-American can refer to a) relations between Great Britain and the United States, b) the culture shared by the United States and Anglo-phone Canada, and c) English-speaking nations in the western hemisphere contrasted with non-English-speaking nations. Related post: Anglos and Saxons Before England Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseOne "L" or Two?

The Truth of Writing

The Truth of Writing The Truth of Writing The Truth of Writing By Guest Author This is a guest post by Shelley M. DuPont. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Every time I write, I discover something more about myself. I dont always see it immediately; but I begin to notice a pattern developing. Recently, I wrote a feature article and realized that I overuse the word that. Grammatically, it was not wrong; it was just too much. It visually detracted from the overall appearance of the piece. Maybe no one else would have noticed, but it bothered me. Every that was like an unsightly wad of gum stuck under a desk. I couldnt wait to pry them out. The next thing I became aware of was a tendency to edit my work as I write. This should be a separate process, and I really have to fight against doing it. Its almost like a default mode that subconsciously takes over as I write. As you can see, we all struggle with the writing process. It reveals more than we realize. To strengthen the weak spots, here are some things that may be of help to you. Avoid editing as you write-it slows down the writing process Read your piece out loud-you will hear your mistakes before you will see them Have someone read it back to you you will better determine if you clearly communicated your thought Vary your sentence structure-avoid starting every sentence with a subject, turn some sentences into questions, use introductory clauses Simplify-delete unnecessary words and phrases, avoid repetition Ive always told my students that writing is like an art form. It is the true you being unveiled. It cannot be completed in one sitting. You build it, tear it down, add more, take away, and rebuild. One day you may like it, the next you may not. Remember, Rome was not built in a day. Take your time, be thorough, have someone help you, and dont be afraid to throw your words away. Those that matter will stand. You can read more from Shelley on WriteSideUp.org. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsThe Six Spellings of "Long E"Trooper or Trouper?

Fantasy Elements in The Rocking Horse Winner Essay

Fantasy Elements in The Rocking Horse Winner - Essay Example Her entire focus is on money and, as a result, her kids are being neglected. Through the house taking on the personality of the mother, Lawrence is able to show the effect it has on the children and how the mother’s mentality influences them. A few sentences later the reader learns that the toys as well as the puppy can hear the voice too. Lawrence writes that â€Å"even the [rocking] horse heard it† and â€Å"the big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly† (2). Lawrence likely puts this fantasy element in the story to show how much the mother’s attitude permeates the house and eventually leads to seemingly unnatural occurrences. After his mother tells him that the way to get money is by being lucky, Paul takes her philosophy to heart. He begins to think if he can have luck he can get money and give it to his mother so she can pay off her debts. He desires this because he thinks that once his mother has money, she w ill stop neglecting him and give him more attention. Later we learn that the catalyst for Paul’s luck is his rocking horse, hence the title, â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner.† The house and the rocking horse seem to be magically possessed: The house is obsessed with getting more money while the rocking horse is obsessed with choosing a winner. Both have the same goal in mind -- making more money. As the house gets more demanding with getting money, Paul becomes obsessed and thinks that if he can just make more money the voices will stop.

How does oil and gas market effect on world economic Coursework

How does oil and gas market effect on world economic - Coursework Example There is no contention or doubt that oil and gas are the major sources of energy in the world, despite the invention of other sources of energy like Nuclear and geothermal energy, oil and gas remain the most crucial and fundamental source of energy. The economy of most countries in the world is dependent upon oil and natural gas; this has been greatly evidenced by the effect of global oil and gas prices on the prices of other basic commodities and the cost of living. This vehemently indicates that the global economy is inextricably bound with the global oil and gas market. Political crisis and interrupting in major petroleum producing countries has often had tremendous effect on global prices of all other industrial commodities. This is because oil and gas energy is the backbone of industrial activities and development. . Other factors affecting the global oil market include technical factors, pricing and marketing, Environmental issues, national security, and public policy choices a nd debates in global oil markets. According to a report released by the International Energy Agency in the year 2011, the top ten oil producers accounted for 63% of the oil produced worldwide. These giant oil producers who have a large share of the Market greatly influence the international oil market. It is also projected that USA is going to overtake Russia as the largest oil producer by 2017. The greatest share of oil production is in the Middle East and political crisis in the last few years has seen a significant increase in global oil and gas prices. ... Market regionalisation would see very great oil price disparities which is mitigated by the oil controlling cartels like OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries) OPEC has dominated the global oil market for a very long time and has somehow been effective in pushing the price of oil upwards in favour of oil producers. Due to the impact that the cartel has on the prices of oil and the market in general, there have been claims that the global oil market is not a fair market. This has seen petroleum producing countries realise a lot of wealth from the oil importing countries. The cartel has been effective in keeping the prices of oil higher than it would probably be if controlled by competition in a liberal market. However oil prices are at times greatly affected by world crisis or disasters and also speculation by the traders in this multi Trillion industry The petroleum producing countries greatly impact on the global oil prices by regulating production and supply, especia lly OPEC is very instrumental in regulating production by member states thus affecting supply and demand. The organisation is also involved in marketing of oil of the member states giving them a bigger bargaining power. If traders speculate a reduction in oil, prices they push the prices up, the availability of oil in strategic reserves also affect the global oil market. These include the oil stored in American reserves and refineries and also Saudi Arabia which has a very big reserve. If Saudi Arabia for instance allows release of oil from its strategic reserves, global oil prices tend to go down. Demand of oil and gas also greatly impact on the prevailing prices, this is especially during the

Bankrubtcy of Lehman Brothers changed the business world Research Paper

Bankrubtcy of Lehman Brothers changed the business world - Research Paper Example The study also discusses about the business scenario and stock market of the year 2008 after the breakdown of Lehman Brothers. 2.0 Arguments The following arguments relate to the effect of bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in various market segments. These arguments are true facts as it has taken from the reliable sources based on the topic. In the US, Lehman Brothers was considered as the fourth biggest investment bank and also a well-known brokerage firm (Hoffman & Et. Al., 2009). The fall down of Lehman Brothers in the year 2008 with no rescue from the government has brought appalling conditions to a number of people around the world. This occurrence was considered as a watershed event for everyone as it has played a significant role in the collapse of the global finance which brought dreadful situations and constricted the worldwide liquidity (Wei & Tong, 2009). The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers led to disastrous results on the ‘prime broker clients’, ‘stock lendin g funds’ and ‘money market funds’. This type of bankruptcy generated wider range of trading as well as immense exposure for several of the company’s counterparties. The collapsing of one of the largest banks has led to failure of trust between brokers and banks. The investment banks as well as their prime brokers have not been trusted by hedge funds. The hedge funds, investment banks or prime brokers were not preferred to expose to any other parties. The leverage of hedge funds was decreased considerably and there was a continuation of ‘deleveraging cycle’ of investment banks along with other companies. The lending of investment bank has been decreased and borrowing and lending leverage that were accessible to clients and banks has been stopped (Aikman, 2010). After such occurrence, prime brokers demanded more money for securities. In the year 2008, liquidator Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) made apparent that a few assets that have been offere d to Lehman Brothers International Europe (LBIE) were considered as ‘rehypothecated’. It was not apprehended for the clients on the basis of segregation and for that reason clients failed to obtain any proprietary interest in assets. Moreover, the investors of LBIE had fallen within unsecured creditors (Singh & Aitken, 2009). In the year 2008, the bankruptcy which had taken place in Lehman Brothers has strained the market to re-evaluate the risk that may possibly be raised. The price of junk bonds before the crisis was $2.50 and in 2007 the price increased to $4. Throughout the crisis the price raised to $6 to return to about $4.50 in the month of June 2008 and after the crisis it has increased to considerably higher point. There was a rigorous collision in money market finance due to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. On September 16, 2008, ‘Primary Fund’ which was a $62 billion fund declared that it had experienced a loss on the $785 million worth of Lehm an Brothers’ debt (Zingales, 2008). The fall in money market has led to an effect on borrowers. The funds of money market are the largest purchaser of commercial paper but because of more concern towards redemption risk they preferred safe and liquid investment (Krishnamurthy, (2008). The money market was a significant basis of liquidity for the worldwide market mainly for broker-dealers. The run on mutual funds that is related to